People who quit smoking become less impulsive and more positive, according to MU researchers who found that ex-smokers show improvements in their overall personalities.
Andrew Littlefield, a doctoral student in the Department of Psychology in the College of Arts and Science, said evidence suggests smoking is impulsive for younger smokers, who might favor immediate rewards over long-term negative consequences.
“They might say, ‘I know smoking is bad for me, but I’m going to do it anyway,’” Littlefield said. “However, we find individuals who show the most decreases in impulsivity also are more likely to quit smoking. If we can target anti-smoking efforts at that impulsivity, it may help the young people stop smoking.”
Researchers compared people, aged 18 to 35, who smoked with those who had quit smoking. They found that individuals who smoked were higher in two distinct personality traits during young adulthood: impulsivity, or acting without thinking about consequences; and neuroticism, or being emotionally negative and anxious.
Littlefield found that those with higher levels of impulsivity and neuroticism were more likely to engage in detrimental behaviors, such as smoking. However, Littlefield also found that those who quit smoking had the biggest declines in impulsivity and neuroticism from ages 18 to 25.
“Smokers at age 18 had higher impulsivity rates than non-smokers at age 18, and those who quit tended to display the steepest declines in impulsivity between ages 18 and 25,” Littlefield said. “However, as a person ages and continues to smoke, smoking becomes part of a regular behavior pattern and less impulsive. The motives for smoking later in life — habit, craving, loss of control and tolerance — are key elements of smoking dependence and appear to be more independent of personality traits.”
Substance use is still a complex relationship of genetic and environmental factors, Littlefield said. The tobacco-use study will contribute to ongoing research on the relationship between personality and substance abuse. Littlefield recently received a $30,000 grant from the National Institutes of Health to study genetic influences on personality and alcohol use.
The study, “Smoking Desistance and Personality Change in Emerging and Young Adulthood,” has been accepted by the journal Nicotine and Tobacco Research. The study was co-authored by Kenneth J. Sher, a professor in the MU Department of Psychology.